In 2020, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Harvey J. Alter, Charles M. Rice and Michael Houghton for their discovery of Hepatitis C virus (HCV). Before the discovery of HCV, the research of Hepatitis A virus and Hepatitis B virus made an important breakthrough. However, a majority of blood-borne hepatitis belongs to non-A, non-B hepatitis, which was discovered as hepatitis C. The discovery of HCV makes blood transfusion safe and makes cure of hepatitis c become possible, saving millions of people’s life. By inducing chronic inflammation and other mechanisms, HCV invade hepatocytes, leading to liver cancer. This paper summarizes the biological characteristics of HCV, systematically expounds mechanisms of HCV infection-associated liver cancer, and introduces measures for prevention and cure of hepatitis c.