Neuropathic pain (NP) is caused by lesion or disease of peripheral or central somatosensory system, accompanied by a certain degree of functional loss and cognitive impairment. Pharmacological treatment makes vital contributions to analgesia, but excessive pharmacological treatment often causes serious side effects, or only provides partial pain relief at tolerable doses. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and virtual reality (VR) intervention, as new, non-invasive and safer alternative treatment methods for pain, alleviate neuropathic pain by diverting attention, altering neuroplasticity and neural circuits, and regulating the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This article analyzed the underlying pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, as well as the analgesic effects and mechanisms of CBT and VR therapy, so as to provide important theoretical guidance for the treatment and intervention of neuropathic pain.