Noise exists widely in the environment, and the rapid development of urbanization also increases the chance for wildlife to be exposed to anthropogenic noise. There is growing evidence that anthropogenic noise affects human health and the survival of wild animals in many ways. A summary of these studies shows that anthropogenic noise can change the physiological state of animals, make them at a relatively high stress level, decrease their immune ability, reduce the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and induce higher reative oxygen species (ROS) level. Animals exposed to anthropogenic noise have significantly shorter telomere lengths and lower telomerase activity. Anthropogenic noise can also decrease the learning and cognitive ability of animals, and even affect the development of brain regions related to vocal learning. For example, male zebra finch exposed to traffic noise at an early stage had smaller relative volumes of area X and high vocal centers. The effects of anthropogenic noise on animal behaviors are also extensive. The presence of anthropogenic noise can interfere with foraging behaviors and increase the risk of predation. Meanwhile, anthropogenic noise may mask sound signals and affect animal communication, such as changing acoustic signals and reducing communication space. The accumulation of these factors may reduce the survival rate of animal offspring, change the species abundance, and pose a threat to the survival of animals. There are differences in the sensitivity of different species to noise, and the changes of physiological state and behaviors induced by noise may also be different. The research on the non-auditory effects of anthropogenic noise is helpful to understand the potential harms of noise and take active mitigation measures to deal with them.