This article overviewed the study progression of the roles of a class of non-coding RNAs termed microRNAs on lipid metabolism and the effects of fatty acids on microRNA expression. miRNAs can regulate lipid metabolism in multiple levels. miR-122, -307, -33 and so on can regulate fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, triglyceride synthesis, cholesterol flow and lipoprotein synthesis in direct or indirect ways via the combination to their target genes. Lipids of diets, especially the essential fatty acids, can involve in the biology processes, such as cancer resistance and inflammation remission, via the regulation of miRNAs.