Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which can enter the body and invade body organs via respiratory infection, and is a major threat to global public health. Early-time diagnosis and effective treatment are indispensable for TB control. However, limited by poor specificity, low sensitivity, long culture cycle and high requirements for laboratory equipment, current clinical TB diagnostics usually result in low diagnostic efficiency, misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. On the other hand, poor therapeutic effect of clinical TB treatments is induced by the appearance of Mtb drug resistance (induced by irregular drug supply, poor patient treatment compliance, and improper medication regimens) and low-efficiency anti-TB drug bioavailability (caused by physiological barriers including host cell shielding, granuloma block and biofilm construction). Drug resistance, poor therapeutic effect and poor patient compliance characterize traditional TB treatment strategies, which accelerate the global spread of TB. Hence, rapid, accurate TB point-of-care (POC) diagnosis, and safe, efficient TB treatment methods are urgently needed to control the global TB pandemic. In this review, we summaries that compared with the current diagnostic technologies, nano-diagnostic technologies show great advantages in high sensitivity, specificity and rapid detection, which can superiorly meet with diagnostic needs such as clinical treatment or home monitoring. We also highlight that nanoparticle systems can significantly enhance the bioavailability and targeting of anti-TB drugs. The nanoparticles can help reduce drug administration frequency and toxic side effects, overcoming the limitations of conventional TB therapies. Nanotechnology-based TB diagnosis and anti-TB treatments are still limited by large-scale production, biocompatibility, cost-effectiveness, reproducibility, etc., making it difficult for comprehensive clinical use shortly. Finally, we outline the potential future directions to achieve breakthrough developments. Multidisciplinary interdisciplinary convergence and intensified combination of nanotechnology, medicine, and engineering is the key solution for future TB care development.