The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Swedish biologist Svante P??bo for his decisive contribution to paleoanthropogenomics and human origins. There are various theories about the origin of human beings, and the current mainstream view is: out of the African doctrine. In other words, ancient humans had about three times of migrations. The first time was Homo erectus, the second was Neanderthals and Denisovans, and the third was the ancestors of modern humans. All migrated from Africa to Eurasia. While pioneering a new discipline, paleoanthropogenomics, Svante P??bo has been refining the “Out of Africa Theory”. With the help of various biological techniques, he delved into the origin of human beings from the perspective of genomics and found that some genetic imprints from ancient humans were retained in our bodies. For example, the STAT2 gene and TLR gene associated with immunity, the EPAS1 gene that contributes to hypoxic respiration and the six genes of chromosome 3 are highly positively correlated with the incidence of COVID-19. This research means that we can go back to the root of certain diseases, rather than limiting our eyes to the genes themselves, and exploring where a gene comes from will be a new way of studying diseases. We summarized his innovations in related biotechnology in the process of research, his exploration of ancient humans based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes and related results, and introduced some genes derived from ancient humans and their related information.