Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder with profound impact on patients' quality of life and long-term health, and early detection and intervention are particularly critical. In recent years, the search for precise and reliable biomarkers has become one of the key strategies to effectively address the clinical challenges of Parkinson's disease. In this paper, we systematically evaluated potential biomarkers, including proteins, metabolites, epigenetic markers, and exosomes, in the peripheral blood of Parkinson's disease patients. Protein markers are one of the main directions of biomarker research in Parkinson's disease. In particular, α-synuclein and its phosphorylated form play a key role in the pathological process of Parkinson's disease. It has been shown that aggregation of α-synuclein may be associated with pathologic protein deposition in Parkinson's disease and may be a potential marker for early diagnosis of Goldson's disease. In terms of metabolites, uric acid, as a metabolite, plays an important role in oxidative stress and neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. It has been found that changes in uric acid levels may be associated with the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease, showing its potential as an early diagnostic marker. Epigenetic markers, such as DNA methylation modifications and miRNAs, have also attracted much attention in Parkinson's disease research. Changes in these markers may affect the expression of Parkinson's disease-related genes and have an important impact on the onset and progression of the disease, providing new research perspectives for the early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. In addition, exosomes, as a potential biomarker carrier for Parkinson's disease, are able to carry a variety of biomolecules involved in intercellular communication and pathological regulation. Studies have shown that exosomes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, and their detection in blood may provide a new breakthrough for early diagnosis. It has been shown that exosomes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, and their detection in blood may provide new breakthroughs in early diagnosis. In summary, through in-depth evaluation of biomarkers in the peripheral blood of Parkinson's disease patients, this paper demonstrates the important potential of these markers in the early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and in the study of pathological mechanisms. Future studies will continue to explore the clinical application value of these biomarkers to promote the early detection of Parkinson's disease and individualized treatment strategies.