The innate immune system serves as the body's primary defense against invading pathogens, playing a pivotal role in maintaining immune homeostasis, preventing and controlling infections, and regulating inflammation and tumor immunosurveillance. In recent years, with the popularization of the concept of "exercise is good medicine", the regulatory effect of exercise on innate immune function has gradually become a research hot spot. This paper presents a systematic review of the mechanisms by which exercise regulates key components of the innate immune system. The review covers the dynamics of the skin-mucosal barrier, secretory immunity (e.g., sIgA), natural killer cells, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, the complement system, and a variety of inflammatory factors.Furthermore, the current study delves into the molecular mechanisms through which exercise modulates immune-metabolic remodeling and anti-inflammatory regulation, utilizing well-established signaling pathways such as AMPK and NF-κB. A review of the results suggests that regular and moderate exercise of moderate intensity can significantly enhance the efficacy of the innate immune system through multidimensional mechanisms. These mechanisms may help improve resistance to infection, delay immune aging, and prevent chronic diseases.This review provides a theoretical foundation for a more profound comprehension of exercise immunology and constitutes a significant reference point for the implementation of exercise interventions in the enhancement of immune function.