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目录 contents

    摘要

    抑郁症是当今社会上造成首要危害且病因和病理机制最为复杂的精神疾病之一,寻找抑郁症的客观生物学标志物一直是精神医学研究和临床实践的重点和难点,而结合人工智能技术的磁共振影像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术被认为是目前抑郁症等精神疾病中最有可能率先取得突破进展的客观生物学标志物. 然而,当前基于精神影像学的潜在抑郁症客观生物学标志物还未得到一致结论. 本文从精神影像学和以机器学习(machine learning,ML)与深度学习(deep learning, DL)等为代表的人工智能技术相结合的角度,首次从疾病诊断、预防和治疗等三大临床实践环节对抑郁症辅助诊疗的相关研究进行归纳分析,我们发现:a. 具有诊断价值的脑区主要集中在楔前叶、扣带回、顶下缘角回、脑岛、丘脑以及海马等;b. 具有预防价值的脑区主要集中在楔前叶、中央后回、背外侧前额叶、眶额叶、颞中回等;c. 具有预测治疗反应价值的脑区主要集中在楔前叶、扣带回、顶下缘角回、额中回、枕中回、枕下回、舌回等. 未来的研究可以通过多中心协作和数据变换提高样本量,同时将多元化的非影像学数据应用于数据挖掘,这将有利于提高人工智能模型的辅助分类能力,为探寻抑郁症的精神影像学客观生物学标志物及其临床应用提供科学证据和参考依据.

    Abstract

    Depression is one of the most complex psychiatric diseases that cause the most serious harm in today's society. Searching for objective biomarkers of depression has always been the focus and difficulty of psychiatric research and clinical practice. Numerous studies have shown that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with artificial intelligence technology might be currently the most likely biologic marker to find breakthroughly in mental illness such as depression. However, the current potential objective biomarkers of depression based on psychiatric imaging have not been consistently concluded. From the perspective of combining psychoradiology with artificial intelligence technology represented by machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), this paper summarizes and analyses the related studies on depression from three components of the clinical practice including disease diagnosis, prevention and treatment for the first time. We found that a.the brain areas with diagnostic value are mainly concentrated in: precuneus, cingulate gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, insula , thalamus and hippocampus; b.the brain regions with preventive value are mainly concentrated in: precuneus, central posterior gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, middle temporal gyri; c.brain regions with predictive therapeutic response are mainly concentrated in: precuneus, cingulate gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, middle frontal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus. Future research can be improved by enlarging the sample size through multi-center collaboration and data transformation, and at the same time non-imaging data can be applied to data mining, which will help to improve the classification accuracy of artificial intelligence models, and provide scientific evidence and reference for the studies on exploring psychoradiological objective biomarkers for depression and its clinical application.

    抑郁症是导致非致命健康损失最主要的原因之一,其主要症状包括自我评价低、情绪低落、快感缺失,同时伴有认知、睡眠及饮食障[1]. 目前,抑郁症的防治工作依然十分艰巨,主要在于其发病机制不清、缺少客观的临床诊断标准. 抑郁症的临床症状具有高度异质性,但现今临床医师主要依据量表进行主观判断来诊断抑郁症,使得误诊或漏诊的现象频发. 为解决这一问题,基于大数据下的人工智能通过对已有的数据和关系进行重新组织,不断优化自身计算性能,实现了高精度的数据提取与准确分类,极大程度弥补了临床医师主观判断的不足.

    人工智能辅助识别抑郁症客观生物学标志物有赖于内表型的桥梁作用. 内表型作为基因型与表现型之间的中间标志,既避免了原发基因机制的高度争议以及患者临床症状的异质性,又能在基因与临床表现的关联分析中表现出较高的灵敏性. 以磁共振影像数据为代表的精神疾病内表型研究不仅能提供脑组织的结构信息,还可以刻画反映病变组织功能随时间变化的动态信[2]. 同时,其高分辨、非侵入性、时空连续性等优点也进一步确定了影像诊断技术在神经精神疾病中重要的临床价值. 因此,抑郁症内表型中最具有临床价值的便是精神影像学标志[3]. 精神影像智能分析一般采用深度学习和机器学习等人工智能技术,识别分析精神疾病患者的磁共振影像,并结合其他病历记录与精神疾病评估量表辅助做出诊断. 这种人工智能技术不仅能辅助医生作出较为准确的临床判断,而且大大降低了医生的工作负荷,使他们能去处理更棘手的病例,同时也可以帮助医疗机构提供更加个性化、整合化的医疗服[4].

    机器学习技术辅助识别精神影像学图片,使得脑部异常的定量测量成为可能,初步的研究已经充分验证了这类方法的有效性. 与此同时,另一种新兴人工智能算法——深度学习,凭借其数据驱动自动学习特征和所建立的深度模型优势受到了图形识别领域的青睐,在阿尔茨海默病、精神分裂症、多动症等神经精神疾病智能诊断中取得了初步研究进展,为抑郁症精神影像的深度学习研究提供了方法和途径. 鉴此,本文主要评价近年来机器学习及深度学习在抑郁症及其他神经精神疾病领域的研究,分析比较相关研究的一致性与差异性,总结分析目前人工智能算法研究局限,并对未来进一步研究提出合理建议.

  • 1 基于精神影像学的客观生物学标志物

    随着磁共振影像技术的飞速发展,特别是结构磁共振成像(structure MRI,sMRI)、功能磁共振成像(function MRI,fMRI)、扩散张量成像技术(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)等先进成像技术的发展,为基础脑科学和应用脑科学研究领域的蓬勃发展提供了重要的技术支[5],也因而促进了精神影像领域的发[6]. 磁共振影像能够提供脑结构、功能和代谢等的区域化空间信息,以及详细的功能和结构连接图. 例如,sMRI能够显示高空间分辨率(1mm³或更少)的大脑结构,是研究大脑不同结构特征的理想影像模态,常用于检测脑区异常、病变和损[7]. DTI是唯一的活体非侵入地研究白质微结构的技术,通过对水分子扩散的建模,使不同脑区之间的解剖连接可视[8]. fMRI通过检测血氧变化监测颅内活动,以此来研究大脑的功能区域和网络以及它们之间的时间关[9]. 功能磁共振信号采集方式分为静息态扫描和任务态扫描. 任务态功能磁共振成像(task fMRI,tfMRI)是一种刺激诱发脑活动的扫描范式,作为传统方法被广泛应用. 但是近年来,静息态功能磁共振成像(rest fMRI,rfMRI)凭借分析方法多、不受任务设置影响的优点,正成为研究抑郁症的更有利武器. 在理论上,这些方法都可以作为抑郁症内表型被机器学习技术识别,从而能够定量测量脑部的结构和功能异常.

    通过以脑MRI为代表的影像学方法检测得到的生物学标志物可分为易感生物学标志物、疾病诊断生物学标志物和治疗生物学标志物,分别实现了抑郁症高危人群筛查、疾病诊断以及疗效预测. 目前的研究主要针对于疾病诊断标志物,涉及的脑区主要包括由杏仁核、海马、前额叶、纹状体腹内侧、苍白球和丘脑核团所形成边缘系统-皮层-纹状体-苍白球-丘脑环路(limbic-cortical-striato-pallidal-thalamic circuit,LCSPT环路)、皮层-边缘系统,以及默认网[10]. 这些区域出现的结构和功能改变与抑郁状态有密切关系,很有可能会成为高信度的疾病诊断标[11]. 易感生物学标志物也有了一些初步发现. 部分脑区异常可在抑郁发病之前就被发现,主要包括左侧海马和右侧海马旁回、右侧脑岛、杏仁核、腹外侧前额叶、背侧前扣带[12,13]. 这些区域往往是涉及抑郁症状发病机制的关键脑区,其体积减少和活动异常与更高的抑郁症发病风险有[14],这些研究成果为选取高预测性能的影像生物学标志物提供思路. 通过治疗前的影像特征预测疗效成为了近年来的研究热点,在接受治疗的患者当中,30%患者即使接受标准化的抗抑郁症治疗,仍然无法得到缓[15],具有预测能力的生物学标志物亟待开发. 与治疗效果较为相关的脑区为额叶边缘区域,尤其是前额叶、前扣带回、海马、杏仁核与脑岛,这可能与抗抑郁治疗能够逆转这些区域的病理过程有[16]. 更进一步的研究是在患者接受治疗之前检测这些脑区的预测能力,从而筛选出特异的治疗反应指标为个体患者制定治疗策略. 这些结果表明MRI影像能够直接反应抑郁症不同阶段的病理生理特征,而且可能成为抑郁症早期筛查、客观诊断和疗效评估的生物学标志物.

  • 2 基于人工智能的精神影像学研究新方法

    近年来,随着人工智能技术的发展,使得我们可以从群组水平研究生物学标志物转变为用脑影像在个体水平进行结果预[17]. 机器学习和深度学习可以客观准确地对海量多维的精神影像数据进行建模,从而量化了神经精神疾病引起的脑解剖与功能异常的程[8],有助于精神疾病诊断和预后生物学标志物的开发,从而有效辅助疾病的临床判断.

  • 2.1 机器学习

    机器学习是计算机科学领域中人工智能的一个主要部分,它使用统计技术给计算机“学习”的能力. 在没有明确编程的情况下,使用数据逐步提高特定任务的性[18]. 机器学习的核心是模式识别方法,主要流程包括特征提取和选择、分类模型构建、泛化能力测试等.

    目前较为常用的分类诊断模型有KNN分类诊断模型、Logistic回归分类诊断模型、支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)分类诊断模型、高斯过程分类模型(Gaussian process classifiers,GPC)等. 其中,SVM目前是神经精神疾病研究中使用最广泛的模式分类模型. SVM的理论基础是结构风险最小化原则,它通过构造最大边缘超平面来搭建学习器,既保证分类器的精度又保证了较高的泛化能力. GPC是近年来机器学习领域十分关注的一类有监督的学习算法研究,具有计算精度较高、计算复杂度较低和稳定性较好等优[18]. 另外,交叉验证(cross validation,CV)是一种评估模型性能的重要方法,主要有K折交叉验证、留一法验证(leave-one-out cross-validation,LOOCV)、Holdout验证等,交叉验证的主要目的是减低模型潜在的过拟合风险,从而提高其在未知数据上的泛化能[19].

    机器学习对磁共振成像样本进行分类识别的整体过程如下:a. 磁共振成像首先帮助我们完成脑区域及网络结构、功能与连接的构建,然后进行相关模块指标与抑郁症组间差异分析,并选择出有显著差异的模块指标作为分类特征,将其按照贡献度进行排序,以方便进行接下来的分类模型构建. b. 利用降维技术对向分类器输入的数据进行特征选择与特征提取,从而剔除数据中的噪声并提高机器学习的性能. c.根据样本数量选择合适的交叉验证方法用于分类器泛化能力测试,从而避免学习过度的情况出[19].

    机器学习能够为找到精神疾病的神经脑区靶点提供有力的技术支持,可以归因于以下因素:a. 机器学习对多模态大样本影像数据的处理能力增强,解决了常规数据分析方法面对庞大数据无能为力的问题;b. 现代图形处理技术具有强大的并行处理能力;c. 优化技术的发展保障了学习结果的精确程度. 目前,机器学习加权因子等分析已经成为抑郁症特异生物特征多模态客观标志物分析的主要技术手[20].

  • 2.2 深度学习

    深度学习是机器学习系列方法中的子类别,它利用特定的网络结构以及训练方法对输入的图像学习有意义的表征,从而用于后续的图像分类. 深度学习可以是监督、半监督或无监[21]. 其主要流程(特征提取、选择、分类等)可以通过构建深度学习框架来实现,当前常用的深度学习模型包括:深度神经网络(deep neural network,DNN)、深度置信网络(deep belief network,DBN)[22]、递归神经网络(recurrent neural networks,RNNs)、深度卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks,CNNs)[23]等.

    几个主要特征使深度学习对于机器学习领域的研究者们非常有吸引力. 首先,传统的机器学习方法需要医学专家对待处理图像特征进行人工干预设计,容易受工作者主观性影响并且医学专业化程度造成了机器学习专家介入困[24]. 相比之下,深度学习只需要一组经过简单预处理的数据就能能够进行数据驱动的自动特征学习,避免了以往相关特征筛选的主观[25]. 深度学习另一大特征就是模型的深度. 通过应用非线性层次结构,深度学习能够对非常复杂的数据模型进行建模,这是以往浅层模型无法实现的. 最后,上文已提及到的传统核心步骤(特征提取、选择、分类)可以在同一个最优化的深层结构中实现. 因此,在基于脑影像的疾病分类方面,深度学习模型能够在一定程度上提高计算机辅助诊断系统的准确率、灵敏度与特异度.

  • 3 基于机器学习的抑郁症精神影像学客观标志物的研究进展

    不同研究发现的抑郁症特征脑区大相径庭,其能否作为疾病的特征生物学标志物还需要进一步研究证实. 为此,笔者收集了近年来基于机器学习的抑郁症影像学研究,重点总结并列举其潜在的生物学标志物、机器学习方法、识别准确率、精神影像技术等,并按照预防生物学标志物、诊断生物学标志物及治疗生物学标志物的分类标准将文章分门别类(表1,2,3),展现研究成果及应用价值.

    表 1 基于精神影像和机器学习的抑郁症诊断生物学标志物研究汇总

    Table 1 Studies of diagnostic biomarkers for depression based on psychoradiology and machine learning

    参考文献疾病种类样本容量模式分类器交叉验证法特征脑区准确率/%
    Roberts et al., 2017

    BD

    HC=80,BD=49,BD高危组 = 71

    rsfMRI

    SVM

    不详

    腹外侧前额叶、内侧前额叶、额下回、脑岛、颞上回、豆状壳核

    64.30

    Sundermann et al., 2017

    MDD

    HC=180,MDD=180

    rsfMRI

    SVM

    CV

    不详

    47.50~53.60
    Hilbert et al., 2017GAD,MDDHC=24,GAD=19,MDD=14

    sMRI

    SVMs

    LOOCV

    额上回、额中回、额下回、前扣带回、尾状核、杏仁核

    68.05

    Ramasubbu et al., 2016

    MDD

    HC=19,MDD(轻微)=12, MDD(严重)=18,MDD(非常严重)=15

    rsfMRI,fMRI(情绪识别任务),sMRI

    SVM

    5-fold CV

    额极、额上回、额中回、额下回、眶额叶、内侧额叶、中央前回、前扣带回、脑岛

    52.00~66.00

    Rive et al., 2016

    MDD,BD

    BD=36,MDD=45

    sMRI, rsfMRI(DMN, SN, FPNs)

    GPC

    LOOCV

    内侧眶额叶、额中回、额前回、颞极、