Short-term synaptic plasticity is an important expressing form of synaptic plasticity and plays an essential role in the realization of the neural system’s normal functions. Short-term synaptic plasticity can make neural information transmission reliable, adjust the balance between excitation and inhibition of cortex, form the spatio-temporal properties of neurons’ activity, form and adjust the coherent oscillations in cortico-thalamic networks. Short-term synaptic plasticity may participate in some high-level brain functions, such as attention, priming, sleep rhythm, learning and memory.