Two-photon microscope has become an important instrument in neuroscience research. However, the current commercial instruments can hardly meet the need for the detection of neural signal in millisecond scale due to their low imaging rates. Fast random-access two-photon microscopy based on acousto-optic deflector (AOD) has the potential for increasing the observation speed while maintaining adequate signal to noise ratio (SNR). We summarize the latest related research progress. It is demonstrated from four parts, including the spatio-temporal evolution theory of the femtosecond laser after passing the angular dispersion devices, dispersion compensation method for AOD, random-access two-photon microscopy instrument, and calcium signal identification method in the instrument applications. In the end, the future development trends for random-access two-photon microscopy are discussed. The systematic and in-deep research on this technology will provide a new tool for the neural activity observation and boost the development of brain science.