Mitochondrion are one of the most important organelles in eukaryotic cells, the main function of which is to provide energy for the survival of cells. The abnormal mitochondrial can cause lesions in cells and even organs, and a growing number of diseases have been linked to mitochondrial defects. Mitochondrial transplantation, an intrusive therapy, which isolated the mitochondria from the normal parts of the patient and then inject it into the damaged or absent areas, so that the injured cells can be treated and the organ functions return to normal. As a novel therapeutic strategy, the manner has emerged in the basic research of some diseases, especially in the field of acute myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, which has been developed to the clinical trial stage. Based on the origin of mitochondria, several feasible methods of mitochondrial transplantation in the experimental phase were summarized. In addition, the protection of cerebral ischemia/induced neuronal injury and tumor therapy by mitochondria transplantation were also introduced. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial damage and mitochondrial transplantation were discussed, and put forward the research ideas for developing targeted therapeutic biological agents for mitochondrial transplantation. The paper aims to provide a new perspective for curing of mitochondrial deficiency diseases.