Long noncoding RNA(lncRNA) is the most important transcript in the transcriptomes of many complex organisms. LncRNA has low conservation and expression level among various organisms. Compared with coding genes, lncRNAs have similar promoter regions and splicing sites, and have better cellular and tissue-specific distribution, especially in the nervous system. The rich expression of lncRNAs suggests that they play an important role in the nervous system. Based on the latest research results of lncRNAs in the neural system in recent years, this review summarizes the regulatory roles and mechanisms of lncRNAs in the development of central and peripheral nervous system and the function of nervous system. At the same time, the new ideas and technologies of lncRNA research are prospected, which will promote the future research of neuroscience.