Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. The accurate diagnosis of AD, especially the early diagnosis, is urgently needed in clinic. In recent years, the technology of non-invasive in vitro diagnosis based on biomarkers has developed rapidly. In particular, taking advantage of the high surface activity, unique optoelectronic properties, good biocompatibility, easy surface modification, miniaturization and integration of nanomaterials and nanotechnology, a new nanotechnology for in vitro detection and diagnosis of AD has been developed. This greatly improves the sensitivity and accuracy of AD detection, and has the characteristics of simplicity and rapidness, so it plays an important role in early diagnosis, prognosis and curative effect evaluation of AD. This paper reviews the research progress of detection nanotechnology for AD protein biomarker. Here, we introduce the important role of nanomaterials in the enrichment of biomarkers, describe the photoelectric signal transduction technology based on nanomaterials and the methods to enhance the detection signal and improve the detection sensitivity. In addition, we also briefly introduced the application prospect of AD nano-detection technology in clinical diagnosis, prognosis and curative effect evaluation, summarized the advantages and challenges of AD in vitro diagnosis technology. It may provide reference information for the research of precision diagnosis and treatment of AD.