In recent years, nanomaterials have provided a new research approach for biosensor technology and greatly improved the performance of biosensor. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) nanomaterials have been widely used in biosensors due to their unique properties such as large specific surface area, adjustable band gap and high electron mobility. This paper introduces electrochemical, field effect transistor (FET), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), colorimetric method and dual-mode biosensor based on MoS₂ nanomaterials. Among them, MoS₂ electrochemical biosensor uses the redox reaction between target and biological probe to analyze the concentration of target. It has the advantages of high sensitivity, fast response speed and simple operation, but its experimental cost is high, so low-cost experimental methods need to be developed in the future. When MoS₂ acts on FET, it is used as the channel material to contact the analyte, and the gate applies bias voltage to realize the current change. It is small in size and high in sensitivity, but there are few reports on the detection of biomolecules in actual human samples. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on solving the problem of compatibility between sensor and biological solution in the future. MoS₂ nanocomposite SERS biosensor can be combined with chemical enhancement and electromagnetic enhancement to achieve singlemolecule detection. Its sample consumption is small and no special treatment is required, but the large-scale optical analysis system of its detection process is complex and expensive. Therefore, the simplification of optical analysis equipment and detection system is a problem to be further studied. MoS₂ nanocomposite colorimetric biosensor utilizes its peroxidase activity to catalyze the color change of the chromogenic substrate. It has the advantages of easy operation and low cost, but its sensitivity is not high and the reaction time is long. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to find high-performance MoS₂ nanomaterials to achieve fast and highly sensitive detection. MoS₂ nanocomposite dual-mode biosensor is based on one material to form two detection signals, combining two analytical methods for substance detection, with strong specificity and high accuracy. At present, how to extract a variety of information and apply it to dual-mode detection is still the focus of research, and the integration of detection instruments in dual-mode sensing will also be the trend of future development. Based on the analysis and conclusion of this paper, which provides ideas for the further application and future research directions of MoS₂ biosensors in the field of biological detection.