Abstract:The main direction of study in genomics has been transferred from structural genomics to functional genomics. Content and methods of functional genomics are reviewed, including gene expression profile, genomic diversity, model organism，genomic comparation and evolution studied by microarray, serial analysis of gene expression, proteomics, bioinformatics, and so on.

Abstract:At least 35% of the human genome is made up of transposon DNA. Retrotransposons are potential causal agents of human disease. The ‘mast’ human mobile element, L1 retrotransposon, has 5′,3′-UTR and two ORFs which encode a sequence-specific RNA-banding protein and a protein containing an endonuclease (EN) domain and a reverse transcriptase (RT) domain. It’s likely that L1 undergoes target-primed reverse transcription in order to carry out retrotransposon. The mobilization of the non-autonomous retrotransposons, such as Alu and processed pseudogens, require a cellular source of reverse transcriptase, which is most likely encoded by L1.

Abstract:Caenorhabditis elegans is a very suitable model system for study of animal development. Based on the fixed cell lineage of Caenorhabditis elegans, many procedures involved in development, such as cell interaction, signal transduction mechanism, cell programmed death and multigene regulation of development, can be studied and clarified in the future.

Abstract:That advances in gene transfer technology have led to the investigation of molecular strategies for replacement of normal insulin delivery function. Substantial progress has been made in engineering glucos-responsive β-cell lines and non-β-cell lines. In vivo transfer the insulin gene to animals can improved control of the diabetes. New therapeutic approaches to diabetes which are based on gene technology and implications for future are summarized.

Abstract:BAC-FISH is a new technique which is developing from 1990s.It can detect signal more efficiently than FISH.Some important genes have been mapped onto plant chromosome.BAC-FISH will play a very important role in plant chromosome research in the future.

Abstract:The latest development on intracellular signal transduction mainly focus on Ca²⁺ pathways with their related protein molecules such as PKC,CaM,CaMKⅡ,and Ras with their related protein molecules(such as Vav,Rap,Crk,C3G),cAMP,NF-κB pathways as well. Through the above mentioned four pathways and the cross-talk among them,extracellular signal molecules activate some protein kinases which regulate gene transcription and other related functions.It should be noted that phosphorylation plays a significant role in regulating the activity of protein kinases and transcript factors.

Abstract:To identify and analyze differentially expressed genes between one pair of cells or tissues in different conditions is of great importance in molecular biology study. In recent years, a variety of approaches have been used to identify differentially expressed genes. DDRT-PCR is one of the most widely used approaches. In theory, DDRT-PCR technique is simple. But in practice, some limitations such as high false-positive rate, inhomogeneity of cDNA bands, short cDNA fragments and underrepresentation of low abundance mRNAs exist. Most modifications to DDRT-PCR technique mainly focus on above aspects.

Abstract:Caspase is a rapidly growing family of aspartate-specific cysteine proteases(interleukin 1β-converting enzyme related proteases).Up to date,thirteen mammalian caspases have been discovered.Caspases normally exist in cells as inactive proenzymes.Caspases proteolytic processing at aspartate specific sites unleash their latent enzymatic activity and trigger cell apoptosis. Caspase as effector plays an important role in most cell apoptosis. Big progress was maded for the molecular mechanism of caspase activation and regulation in cell apoptosis.

Abstract:Human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC, 3.1.1.8) is capable of binding with organophosphate poisons and pesticides. Besides, it is able to catalyse the hydrolysis of many esters, peptides and amides. It is effective in prophylaxis or therapy of the intoxication of these compounds. Its structure study was made important progress by modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. It shed a light on the structure of peripheral anionic site of human BChE, and made the enzyme exhibiting organophosphorus acid anhydride hydrolase activity by amino acid substitution.

Abstract:Chitinase,degrating chitin——a major component of most fungal cell walls exists in microbe，plant and animal. In recent years,much attention has been focused on antifungal function and their practical prospects,which chitinases play within the plant. A detailed summary of the literature,the induction,subcellular location and antifungal activity of chitinases in compatible combination,incompatible combination and endomycorrhiza is provided.

Abstract:Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels (K_ATP) which couple cell metabolism to electrical activity are heteromultimers of sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) and inward rectifier K⁺ channel (K_IR6.x) subunits associated with 1∶1 stoichiometry as a tetramer (SUR/ K_IR6.x)₄. SUR and K_IR6.x genes come in pairs in chromosome. K_IR6.x subunit forms the electrical pore of the K_ATP channel and SUR endows the K_ATP channel with sensitivity to regulators such as sulfonylurea drugs, K⁺ channel-opening drugs, and Mg²⁺ nucleotides. The characterizations of K_ATP channel subtypes are determined by the combination of SUR and K_IR6.x subunits. The gates of K_ATP channels are ion-gated by ［ATP］_i and ［ADP］_i. Phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) antagonized ATP inhibition of K_ATP channels and cellular phosphotransfer cascades also involve in the regulation mechanism of ATP/ADP. K_ATP channels are inhibited by sulfonylurea complexes (SUs) and activated by K⁺ channel-opening drugs. G protein and protein kinase such as PKA, PKC, PKG also participate in the regulation of these channels. K_ATP channels play crucial roles in the secretion of insulin, preconditioning of cardiac myocytes and maintenance of blood vessel tone.

Abstract:Lysophosphatidic acid(LPA) is a novel growth-factor-like lipid mediator. It can be released from stimulated platelets as a product of the blood-clotting process. The number and diversity of the known biological responses to LPA keep growing from many years ago when it was first found as an out-membrane messenger. The more important function of LPA is that it can induce proliferation of many types of cells. Several LPA receptor cDNA clones have been found. LPA influences target cells mainly by activating special G protein coupled receptors. The signal transduction system of LPA includes several known signal cascades: activating G_q to stimulate PLC; activating G_i to restrain adenylyl cyclase and stimulate MAPK cascade; and activating G_12/13 to stimulate Rho cascade, etc.

Abstract:Based on molecular docking method, the influence of interaction energy and molecular interaction between mutated ligand combining functional domain “WSXWS” of human interleukin-6 receptor(hIL-6R) and human interleukin-6(hIL-6) is studied. The conformation changes on key amino acids of human interleukin-6 receptor when combining with human interleukin-6 and the interactions between human interleukin-6 receptor and human interleukin-6 are analyzed.

Abstract:Three saporins,SO3a, SO3b and SO6,were separated and purified from the seeds extracts of Saponaria officinalis.The molecular weights of SO3a and SO3b are about 22 500,19 400,respectively,and their pI values are about 8.4 and the amino acid components are analysed.The contents of the secondary structure of SO3a and SO3b are determined by laser Raman spectrum.In the experiment it was also found by reverse phase capillary chromatography that SO6 which was reported by stripe to be a purified protein,contain two components in fact.

Abstract:TPA is a potential tumor promotor and an activator of protein kinase C(PKC). TPA can activate PKC as a substituter of DG in a very low concentration, thus causing a serial of changes of cells’ function. Observing the change in adhesion of NIH3T3 cell after using 100 nmol/L TPA to act on NIH3T3 cell, it was discovered that TPA increase NIH3T3 cell adhesion to Fn by increasing synthesis of integrin α₅、β₁ subunits. Further study on the content of integrin α₅、β₁ subunits——the major receptor of Fn on the cells’ surface showed that after the TPA acts on cell for 24 hours, the content of integrin α₅、β₁ subunits increased 52.3% and 51.6% respectively. To analyze the total content of N-oligosaccharides and its constituent propertion after TPA acts on cell, ³H-mannose incorporation into N-oligosaccharides and lectins chromatography were used. The result has no difference from that of control. It can be said that increasing adhesion is induced increasing the syntheses the content of α₅ and β₁ subunits of the cells. The PKC inhibitor Sphingosine was added during TPA acting on cell, it was found that both the α₅ and β₁ content and the adhesion of cells to Fn recovered to the control level. It proved that increasing α₅β₁ synthesis thus increasing adhesion of cell to Fn by TPA is mediated by PKC. Besides the inhibitor of tyrosine protein kinase also can block the action of TPA increasing the content of α₅β₁ integrin syntheses.

Abstract:“Purple membrane” is important feature of Halobacteria’s cell structure. It a simple but ingeniously contracted photoelectric transducer. The process of its synthesis is greatly affected by the compositions of culture medium and the culturing time. The results showed that optimum culture medium of the purple membrane synthesis is synthetic medium and optimum-culturing time is 7 days.

Abstract:Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes insecticidal protein was isolated and purified sucessfully. Amino acid composition analysis showed that it is an acid protein. Laser Raman spectra of the insecticidal protein have been obtained and analysed.It is found that protein of the sample contains predominantly β-sheet content.The majority of tyrosyl residues are exposed and a few are buried in the protein of the sample.The sample has trans-gauche-trans configuration of C—C—S—S—C—C linkage.

Abstract:Multifocal visual evoked potentials (MVEP) across the central visual field of 8.6 degrees of arc were tested in 31 normal eyes. It was observed that the mean response densities of the MVEP reduced with the increasing eccentricity; and were higher in the lower hemifield than those in the corresponding mirror symmetric locations in the upper hemifield. The incidence of polarity reversal was higher in the upper hemifield. The variation of the MVEPs across the visual field reflects the underlying anatomy of the retina and the visual cortex.

Abstract:Northwestern Blot has been used for isolation of cDNAs encoding proteins interacting with HBsAg posttranscriptional regulatory element (PRE). One expression cDNA clone which showed specially binding to PRE was isolated from λgt11 cDNA expression library prepared with human hepatoma cell line HepG2. The size of this PRE-interacting protein(PIP) clone was identified to be about 1 kb by PCR and digestion with restriction endonuclease EcoRⅠ.The results showed that Northwestern blot with some modifications is a useful method for isolation of expression clones of genes encoding RNA-binding proteins.

Abstract:Photosensitizer rose bengal (RB) reacts with O₂ to generate singlet oxygen ( ¹O₂) under illumination. ¹O₂ reacts with histidine or imidazole to form intermediate products which oxidize RNO. The reaction causes optical absorption of RNO at 440 nm to decrease. It is named the bleaching of RNO. Bleaching of RNO is increased with the increasing of RB illuminated time, which shows that the production of ¹O₂ has grown in the reaction. Bleaching of RNO is promoted by the rising of the concentration of histidine or imidazole. Imidazole plays more evident role in the reaction than histidine does. Bleaching of RNO is decreased by the presence of ¹O₂ quencher NaN₃ or DABCO. ¹O₂ in lettuce thylakoids has been detected by the reaction in strong light. The production of ¹O₂ grows with the increasing of light intensity and illuminated time in lettuce thylakoids.

Abstract:The trypsin was covalently linked with chemical modified granulechitosan and was used to isolate and purify aprotininum from the extract of cattle lungs by affinity chromatography. Then high-purity aprotininum was prepared after ultrafiltrating and freeze drying. The result showed:the specific activity of immobilized trypsin on chitosan was 25 950 kU/g，60.5％protein was coupled，and the activity reccvery of trypsin was 55％. The purity of aprotininum was high，and the activity reccvery of trypsin on immobilized trypsin had low non specific adsoption and ideal anti-contemination，and it could be used more than 72 times. It was accepted as a simple and stable method and suitable for purifying aprotininum with high activity in industrial manufacturing.

Abstract:588 genes expressed in nasopharynx, trachea, esophagus and bladder tissues were examined by Mouse Atlas^TM cDNA expression array and there are 11 genes expressed much higher in nasopharynx than in other tissues .These genes might be candidates for relative tissue specific genes of nasopharynx. The expression result was further confirmed by RT-PCR examination.

Abstract:The exon 2, 3 of ob gene were isolated from chromosome of human peripheral leucocytes by means of PCR technology. The full-length coding region of ob gene was obtained by in vitro splicing with ligase. DNA sequencing confirmed that the isolated ob coding sequence is identical to that reported in the literature. The coding sequence for mature OB protein was amplified by PCR, and then cloned into an expression vector pBV220. As a result, an expression bacteria strain was obtained. The expressed product was preliminarily purified for further study.

Abstract:A modified method of 3′-RACE (rapid amplification of 5′- cDNA ends) can rapidly amplify 3′-end of a cDNA only by using a specific primer and Oligo dT.Contrast with the typical 3′-RACE，two-step PCR not only have the advantages of less cost and shorter experimental time ，but can also improve specificity of PCR. This method especially fits for rapid cloning and characterization of the genes encoding the peptides with biological activity.

Abstract:A rapid and simple protocol for the transformation of plasmid DNA using CaCl₂ is reported. 3～10 min incubation of cells with DNA on ice and spreading onto agar plates pre-warmed to 37℃, resulting in more than 10⁵ colonies/μg plasmid DNA. The effect of Ca²⁺ concentration and store time at 4℃ on transformation efficiency is also discussed.

Abstract:An improved method for ultrathin-gel electrophoresis of protein was developed, which bind polyacrylamide gel to glass. By this method electrophoresis of protein can be run on 0.4 mm thick gel. It was demonstrated that glass treated by this method could bind gel tightly throughout all the procedures after electrophoresis.

Abstract:The plant physiological variety is often accompanied by luminescence process. It has a very important purport that to detect the process and to seek its rule for agriculture and forest. Various biological system (plant and animal) can be detected in sample chamber of BPCL ultra-weak luminescence analyzer. The measurement is sensitive for physiological variety of soybean seed and is a way of to identify breeds. It can be used to research of plant adversity-resistant.

Abstract:As a good object to observe the level of glucose in the blood,glycohemoglobin（HbA_1c）has been accepted by many clinical laboratory.The method of testing HbA_1c accurately need expensive equipment, not fit to routine laboratory. The micro-column-test(product of BIO-RAD) was used to determine the percentage of HbA_1c in the whole blood of 80 health residents and 65 insulin-dependent diabites meuitus(IDDM) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM). 5 NIDDM samples and 5 IDDM samples were assayed 10 times each in a single test run,the average value of CV was 1.2%,the concentration of HbA_1c was 4.8%,8.9%,15.3%.The average value of the repeat runs was 104.2%.The method does not require special equipment and is simple to do.The result of the test demonstrated that the overall ranges of values for the heath resident tested was 4.6%±2.3%;that for NIDDM samples was 8.3%～15.2%;the value of IDDM samples was 8.5%～22.4%. The level of HbA_1c and the time of maintain is closely associated with DM relative symptom of the patients.