• Volume 39,Issue 11,2012 Table of Contents
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    • >Reviews and Monographs
    • Computational Approaches to Analyze the Strategies of Drug Repositioning

      2012, 39(11):1029-1036.

      Abstract (4577) HTML (129) PDF 416.72 K (10277) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Research and development of novel drugs cost too much time and money at high risk. Drug repositioning, which is to predict different therapeutic indications for approved drugs based on various technologies would help to reduce time, costs and risks of drug development. Experimental approaches alone are not sufficient to find new indications for approved drugs due to the huge amount of diseases and existing drugs. The integration of theoretical designs and experimental approaches along with published data of omics and drug informatics could lead to a new stage of drug development. Theoretical prediction of drug repositioning has provided a crucial direction to the research community of computational biology and systems biology. The current strategies of drug repositioning based on computing technology are underlined in this paper, namely drug-target relationship, drug-drug relationship and drug-disease relationship. Here we review the reported technologies and methods in this field with success cases at present.

    • Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms of Probabilistic Category Learning

      2012, 39(11):1037-1044.

      Abstract (3366) HTML (26) PDF 292.81 K (5479) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:In probabilistic category learning tasks, people learn incrementally the "probabilistic" association between cues and outcomes. Here, we first discussed cognitive strategies used in probabilistic category learning, the unconsciousness of probabilistic category learning, as well as the relationship between probabilistic category learning and working memory and attention. Then, we reviewed the different roles of various brain regions, including the basal ganglia, the medial temporal lobe, the prefrontal lobe and the parietal lobe, in probabilistic category learning. Finally, we suggest that probabilistic category learning might involve both implicit and explicit processes and future research is needed to further explore the cognitive and neural mechanisms of probabilistic category learning.

    • Advance in PUMA and Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis

      2012, 39(11):1045-1049.

      Abstract (3353) HTML (28) PDF 240.08 K (8018) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) is a recently identified p53 target gene which can induce apoptosis. Compared with other p53 target genes, p53 has two important characteristics. One is that PUMA almost mediates all p53-dependent apoptotic signals. The other is that PUMA is not only required for p53-dependent apoptotic pathway, but also for p53-independent apoptotic pathway. That means although PUMA is p53 target gene, it is also necessary for p53-independent apoptosis. In cardiomyocytes, PUMA is involved in apoptosis induced by various stimulations such as ischemia/reperfusion, endoplasmic reticulum stress. Therefore, PUMA plays a pivotal role in cardiomyocyte apoptosis.

    • >Perspectives
    • Discovery GPCR superfamily and elucidation its working mechanisms and structures, ——to decode 2012 Nobel Prize in chemistry

      2012, 39(11):1050-1060.

      Abstract (6555) HTML (98) PDF 1.57 M (11464) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to two American Scientists, Dr. Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka, for their fundamental contributions in the discovery and mechanism of G protein coupled receptors (GPCR). GPCR not only constitute one of the most important modular systems for cellular signaling; but also more than half of the prescription-drug targets. Through the development of many new techniques, and focused investigation on the receptor of “fight or flight hormone”, the adrenergic receptor, Prof. Lefkowitz led the GPCR research since 1970s. Lefkowitz’s contributions to our understanding of GPCR include but not limited to the identification of GPCR by radio-ligand binding, construction of the ternary complex model, elucidation of the receptor desensitization mechanism, and the concept of the receptor biased signaling. Professor Lefkowitz and Dr. Kobilka cloned the first GPCR gene for a diffusive ligand, which led to the identification the GPCR superfamily. In setting up his independent lab, Kobilka broke the technical barrier for crystalizing GPCR with diffusive ligands, and solved the first GPCR/G protein complex structure. Therefore, our current understanding of GPCR has greatly benefitted from the work of Profs. Lefkowitz and Kobilka. With the current great progresses in GPCR working mechanism and development of important techniques, we are now poised to make even greater discoveries in the future, including the characterization of orphan GPCR functions, complex structures of GPCR with their effectors including arrestin, and most importantly, identification of new pharmacological agents based on new structural information. These discoveries will not only help in detailing mechanisms of biological signal transductions, but will also bring great innovations to clinical treatment for many devastating diseases.

    • Cell Reprogramming——The Revolutionary Breakthrough in Regenerative Medicine Research

      2012, 39(11):1061-1065.

      Abstract (4852) HTML (47) PDF 344.71 K (11285) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Review on the progress in Cell Reprogramming----based on the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

    • 《Science China: Life Science》in Reform In retrospect on progresses in 2010-2011

      2012, 39(11):1066-1072.

      Abstract (14180) HTML (102) PDF 0.00 Byte (0) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:《中国科学》杂志伴随着中国科学院的成立,自1950年创刊至今已届62年.《中国科学》曾经是展示中国科技成果的最主要学术刊物,在过去60多年间发表了大量科学研究论文,见证和推动了中国科学技术的不断进步和发展,并为促进我国科学家与国际学术界的交流与了解做出了重要贡献.自2008年以来,《中国科学》进行了全面改革,成立了以中国科学院院长路甬祥为理事长的理事会,组建了各辑的新编委会.2009年8月,《中国科学》与《自然科学进展》合并,由中国科学院与国家自然科学基金委员会联合主办.自2010年开始,在保持刊物中文版名称不变的同时,其英文版名称由Science in China更名为Science China以更好地体现其国际性定位.同时,其“生命科学”辑也定名为Science China: Life Sciences(SCLS).在过去4年里,英文版生命科学辑进行了全面改革,改变了版式,提高了科学内涵,加快了出版周期,以全新的面貌出现在学术界[1].SCLS在2011年的影响因子突破多年在低端的徘徊达到2.024,在ISI Web BIOLOGY类期刊中的排名进入前1/3区,位于SCI收录的中国科技期刊第十,从一个重要方面综合显示了刊物的进步.本文主要 对这一时期SCLS发表的部分学术论文做一概要的回顾.
      《中国科学》60周年纪念 2010年正值《中国科学》创刊60周年,为纪念这一有意义的历史时期,《中国科学:生命科学》辑在2010年元月刊出版了纪念专题,刊登了关于我国生命科学史上一些重大历史性事件的回忆性文章,包括中国科学院生命科学研究60年的回顾[2]、人工全合成结晶牛胰岛素[3]、胰岛素晶体结构研究[4]、酵母丙氨酸转移核糖核酸的人工合成[5]等,同时评介了目前中国的基因组学研究和蛋白质组学研究现状[6-7].通过对我国生命科学研究中一些重要事件的回顾,展现了我国生物学发展历程中的一些精彩剪影,加深了我们对相关历史和现状的深层次了解.同时,在纪念专辑发表了各个领域的论文,反映了一些目前研究的现状.乐志操等[8]提出细胞信号网络能灵敏地反映小鼠胚胎干细胞的早期分化,也更精确地反映细胞的状态及揭示细胞分化早期的关键调控步骤.孟然等[9]发现,As2O3体内外干预均能加剧急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞mtDNA的D-loop区基因突变,并与其促凋亡作用呈正相关,提出mtDNA的D-loop区可作为砷剂治疗白血病的一个靶点.贾茜等[10]研究发现,富含GC的DNA片段是一种超级“染色质开放元件”,在哺乳动物细胞基因超高表达调控中具有重要作用.陈宏等展示了miR-181b在急髓性白血病(AML)患者组织中高表达,并通过靶向于MLK2调节AML细胞的增殖,提示miR-181b在AML的生物学过程中发挥着重要的作用,并且为AML的治疗提供了新的方案[11].郑杨等[12]构建了相当于大熊猫10倍基因组覆盖度的BAC文库,发现大约27%的序列被注释为重复序列.同时构建了包含人、小鼠、狗、猫以及大熊猫5个物种的物种进化树,结果显示狗的基因距大熊猫最近.精神分裂症是一种严重的神经精神系统疾病,目前对其病理机制尚不清楚.张明等[13]的研究证实了氧化压力参与了精神分裂症的病理生理过程.石磊等[14]通过模型及模拟研究讨论了合作行为的非对称性演化.并有效地解释了为什么几乎所有的合作系统都存在直接的冲突.
      新版的《中国科学:生命科学》对生命科学的一些前沿领域及我国的相关研究状态给予了高度关注,在改版后的两年中,在免疫学研究、神经科学、水生动物生殖生理、东亚碳循环、蛋白质组学、转化医学、微RNA等重要研究领域分别组织了专题/专辑,对国内外最新研究进展,进行了综合性评价报道.
      免疫学研究的新进展 来自中国科学院生物物理研究所等多位国内外免疫学家联合撰写了6篇文章,综述了免疫学的最近进展,尤其是中国免疫学家的贡献[15].程根宏教授是TRAF等信号分子的发现者,他介绍了TRAF介导的免疫与炎症应答[16].刘扬教授阐述了免疫系统如何控制识别病原相关分子模式和损伤相关分子模式的平衡[17].刘勇军教授介绍了一类在抗病毒免疫和自身免疫中具有重要作用的免疫细胞——浆细胞样树突状细胞(pDCs)的发现[18].陈列平教授综述了共刺激和共抑制分子的结构免疫学[19].傅阳心教授讲述了获得性免疫在负性调节固有免疫的作用[20].苏立山教授总结了目前已知的病人及灵长动物模型的HIV-1免疫发病机理,同时描绘了具有功能性人类免疫系统的新一代人源化小鼠模型,尤其是携带gammaC缺陷基因的免疫缺陷小鼠,可作为研究人类免疫系统和人类疾病的动物模型[21].
      在同一期中,发表了一系列与免疫相关的研究报道.孙鹏等[22]发现,展示脑I/R损伤中,TLR4激活后可能通过NF-κB激活TLR2,导致炎症反应级联放大,两者协同加重脑损伤的过程.刘双全等[23]发现,Tp0751重组蛋白可诱导人单核细胞THP-1产生促炎细胞因子(IL-1β,TNF-α和IL-6),并激活NF-κB,而且TLR2,CD14,MAPKs/p38等信号分子也可能参与了炎症反应.
      中国的神经科学研究 过去10年中,中国科学院的多个研究所在良好的资金支持和研究环境下,在神经科学研究领域取得了显著的成绩.2010年,SCLS第3期的神经科学特别专刊,在中国科学院上海生命科学研究院神经科学研究所所长、国际知名神经科学家蒲慕明院士撰写的编者按中,回顾了中国早期神经科学取得的成就,介绍了中国神经科学在2000~2009年取得的进展[24].袁小兵研究员介绍了中国在神经元迁移与轴突导向领域的研究进展[25].罗振革研究员综述了突触形成及重塑领域的新进展,重点突出了中国在过去10年中的工作[26].章晓辉研究员则综述了中国神经科学家在突触可塑性及突触外可塑性等神经可塑性领域的研究进展[27].段树民院士总结了中国几个研究组对神经胶质细胞的研究进展,包括从神经元-胶质细胞相互作用机制到神经胶质细胞在多种中枢神经系统紊乱中作用的研究[28].焦建伟研究员讨论了神经干细胞的发育调控及其在神经发生中的作用等研究领域的最新进展,并着重突出了中国研究者的工作[29].王以政研究员重点回顾了中国近10年在神经元存活的离子通道方面研究取得的成绩[30].周嘉伟研究员综述了国内神经系统退行性疾病研究在早发型常染色体隐性遗传帕金森病(PD)患者的描述,tau蛋白功能,蛋白质聚集的分子机制,鉴定诊断阿尔茨海默病(AD)的生物标记,以及潜在的有神经保护作用的分子或化合物等领域的新进展[31].张旭研究员综述了国内对于疼痛的研究[32].姚海珊研究员等着重从中枢视觉通路、视觉感知学习、视觉发育和眼疾等方面综述了国内视觉神经科学的研究进展[33].郭爱克院士综述了国内关于果蝇视觉认知的研究 进展,讨论了视觉模式识别、特征提取与泛化、两难抉择、注意、跨模态记忆等一系列高级认知行为[34].吴思研究员回顾了计算神经科学(CNS)在中国的历史、现状,展望了未来的发展,并列举了中国CNS的研究实例[35].
      水生动物生殖与生理 这一领域紧密关联着人类的食物供给,是生物学的一个传统研究项目,也是发展最快的领域之一.2010年,为了庆祝《中国科学》杂志创刊60周年,第4期特邀桂建芳教授组织了一个以水生动物为主题的专辑,包含8篇来自中国和新加坡相关领域的科学家的述评,介绍了他们创新性的研究、本领域的研究进展和研究前景[36].早在1985年,中国科学院水生生物研究所朱作言教授在世界上第一个报道了转基因鱼,在生殖细胞中稳定转入生长激素基因的5只转基因鱼诞生了.在本专辑中,朱教授和胡炜教授总结了转基因鱼基因整合与靶向的机制,GH转基因鱼的发育能力、繁殖以及转基因方法[37].桂建芳教授等综述了银鲫的多倍化起源、克隆多样性和双重生殖方式的遗传基础,总结了培育新品种和鉴定生殖及早期发育相关基因的研究进展[38]. 湖南师范大学的刘少军教授阐明了远缘杂交或将远缘杂交与雌核发育和雄核发育相结合的方法,在具有遗传变异的不同倍性鱼形成中的重要作用[39].新加坡国立大学易梅生等[40]介绍了青鳉干细胞系及其应用.这些研究突破使青鳉毫无疑问地成为干细胞研究的理想模 式.徐红艳等[41]综述了鱼类生殖细胞研究与操作的现状及未来研究方向.中国科学院动物研究所崔黎等为泛素化修饰在减数分裂重组修复中的作用进行了概要的综述[42].来自中山大学的李文笙教授等[43]聚焦于神经内分泌因子、垂体及外周调控因子等的受体系统及其下游信号转导通路,对GH的调节因子作用机制的研究进展进行了概览.来自浙江大学彭金荣教授实验室的综述文章总结了在斑马鱼肝脏形成过程中,来自中胚层的4种信号分子的作用[44].
      东亚生态中的碳循环 生态平衡问题近年来被广泛关注,在SCLS 2010年第7期刊登了东亚碳循环的特刊.方精云教授在编者按中分析了碳循环研究领域中东亚生态系统的重要性[45],并通过综述当前中国草地碳循环研究的最新进展,全面评介了中国草地生态系统碳库(植被生物量碳库和土壤有机碳库)及其动态变化,认为中国草地生态系统基本上属于中性碳汇[46].黄耀教授评介了中国陆地不同生态系统SOC变化的研究进展,认为中国土壤的碳储量在增加[47].徐冰等[48]预测了未来中国森林生物量碳库,表明中国森林具有较大的碳汇潜力.Choi等[49]利用温暖指数和最冷月低温模拟预测未来几年韩国境内与赤松林和P. koraiensis等种类有关的热量相似组合的面积将会缩小,而常绿阔叶树占优势的热量相似组合的面积将扩大.陈德祥等[50]估算了尖峰岭热带山地雨林生物量及碳库动态,并探讨了该森林碳库与环境因子的关系.结果表明尖峰岭热带雨林具有一定的碳汇能力.杨同辉等[51]运用样方重叠和树干解析法,测定了中国东部浙江天童木荷-米槠群落生物量及生产力.Noh等[52]分析了韩国温带森林赤松林龄序列的生物量及碳氮储量,调查了韩国6种不同林龄赤松林的生物量、碳含量和氮含量,了解了赤松林碳、氮储量的现状及预测未来的生长变化.张全智等[53]采用样地清查和异速生长法,研究了林龄相近的6种温带森林的碳密度与碳分配.马文红等[54]应用对341个样地的生物量调查资料以及1982~2006年的NDVI系列数据,发现了不同草地生态系统对未来气候变化的响应可能存在差异.王亮等[55]基于个体水平,研究了中国草地生物量地上-地下的分配格局,提出中国草地植物个体水平的地下-地上生物分配不支持等速生长假说.王成己等[56]根据中国农业生态系统的长期试验资料,提出推广良好施肥管理可以促进土壤固碳潜力和维持中国农田长期生产力.覃章才等[57]基于农田土壤碳饱和理论,分析了全球95个不同气候区农田长期定位试验数据,对河南省农田土壤固碳潜力进行了估算.韩国高丽大学LeeWoo-Kyun领导的团队,通过计算雷达激光束被拦截的比例来估算韩国森林有效植被面积指数[58].Kim等[59]利用航空影像和雷达数据相结合,估算了韩国单株个体赤松林的碳储量.这些述评对了解东亚生态碳循环的特殊性及其在全球生态平衡中的作用和地位,以及这一地区的科学工作者在这一领域的突出研究成绩和相关发展的思考,具有重要价值.
      中国的蛋白质组学研究 SCLS对2011年度的热门领域专题主要聚焦于3个方面:蛋白质组学、转化医学和microRNA.第1期是关于蛋白质组学的专题,精选了国内蛋白质组学领域的多篇优秀研究论文[60].王媛等[61]系统分析、比较了C57BL/6J小鼠肝脏、肾脏及心脏的线粒体蛋白质组,发现了87种组织特异的线粒体蛋白,为深入研究组织特异性线粒体蛋白质奠定了基础.鞠艳芳等[62]应用单抗鉴定了人类肝脏线粒体蛋白质组中的抗原优势蛋白.促进了对线粒体功能和相关疾病机制以及人类肝脏蛋白质组计划的相关研究.米薇等[63]构建了目前国际上最为全面的人体器官蛋白质组2-DE参考谱,为肝脏比较蛋白质组学研究提供了良好参照系.曹晶等[64]比较了肝癌细胞分泌蛋白质的多种提取方法.他们发现超滤法具有最高的提取效率,而沉淀法鉴定出的蛋白质种类最多.慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者应用干扰素治疗,仅有约1/3获得满意疗效.马慧等[65]采用基于2-DE的血清蛋白质组学技术,发现α-2-HS-糖蛋白对PEG干扰素α-2b治疗CHB患者e抗原血清转换具有预测作用.周娜等[66]应用基质辅助激光解吸附电离飞行时间串联质谱,以2, 5-二羟基苯甲酸(50 g/L,50%乙腈-0.1%三氟乙酸)为最佳基质,建立了鉴定液体培养细菌的方法.吴帅宾等[67]建立了基于环氧功能基团的杂化硅胶固定化酶反应器(IMERs).该IMER具有高通量酶解潜力.王立顺等[68]综述了运用蛋白质组学研究细胞凋亡的主要进展,并展望了蛋白质组学在凋亡研究领域的方向和挑战.李国庆等[69]提出了肿瘤是一种蛋白质组病的观点,该观点的提出为肿瘤诊断和治疗筛选新的生物标志物提供了新的思路.邵晨等[70]综述了尿蛋白质组学在疾病标志物研究中的应用,提出研究正常人群个体间及不同生理条件下尿蛋白质变化范围,从而为鉴定疾病标志物提供参考标准.周圣涛等[71]评述了目前病毒学研究的前沿领域——病毒蛋白质组学,包括了病毒颗粒蛋白质组学、病毒结构蛋白质组学、病毒蛋白相互作用组学和病毒感染影响的宿主蛋白质组学等前沿领域.
      转化医学研究在中国 转化医学是生物医学的新前沿,在世界范围内引起高度重视.在SCLS 2011年第12期出版了“转化医学研究”专题,发表了中国卫生部长陈竺院士以及钟南山、刘德培、曾益新等院士的专论和述评,集中反映了中国医生与科学家眼中的转化医学及其对中国转化医学研究的独特视角[72].陈竺院士作为卫生部部长从全局出发论述了转化医学对将医学科技转化为全体人民健康效益的重大意义[73].呼吸病专家钟南山院士为中国医生指出了转化医学的路线B2B2B[74].癌症专家曾益新院士综述了分子靶向治疗(MTT)的理论、特点、未来的方向,以及中国科学家的相关贡献[75].心血管专家刘德培院士讲述了CVD转化医学领域的既往经验,提出了转化医学的未来发展目标,即“9P-3P”原则[76].北京协和医院内分泌科李乃适[77]医生,追忆了在20世纪前叶刘士豪教授就已自然地将转化医学成功应用到科研、教学以及临床方面中的协和往事.这些论述对思考和推动转化医学在我国的发展具有重要意义.
      微RNA(miRNA)研究 miRNA是一组小的非编码RNA,在人类基因组中已发现了数百种.最初认为miRNA对基因表达仅起微调作用,但越来越多的证据表明其调节功能对细胞至关重要,miRNA失调在疾病中的病理意义亟待解析[78].张莹等[79]总结了电重塑、结构重塑、细胞内钙处理重塑等房颤发病机制与miRNA网络的联系,并提出miRNA可作为治疗房颤的潜在靶点.冯伟等[80]重点介绍了在哺乳动物大脑神经元及神经胶质细胞发育过程中miRNA的生成及功能,以及在神经发育和神经退行性疾病中的miRNA调节异常.冯宇亮等[81]综述了miRNA在心脏发育和心肌肥大、缺血性心肌病、心率不齐等心脏疾病中的调控作用等研究领域的最新进展.随着miRNA研究领域的飞速发展及转化医学的推动,miRNA应用于疾病的诊断和治疗将具有广阔前景.
      研究论文集萃 在2010期间,SCLS发表了大量的研究论文,反映了中国科学工作者在生命科学不同研究领域的进展和成绩. 在农林领域,张莉丽等[82]利用连续5次回交和生化标记辅助选择的方法,在小麦品系中,获得了HMW-GS7和7+8的近等基因系.为选育强筋和弱筋小麦品种或品系提供了有效依据.朱勃等[83]从杭州地区患“桑枯萎”病的树上分离到36株病原菌,确认为肠杆菌属的多个新种,是其引起植物病害的又一新证据.
      在物种进化与发育领域,陈明等[84]鉴定了青鳉和三刺鱼基因组中的嗅觉受体(OR)基因,并进行了进化分析,结果均支持鱼类OR基因在进化中受到正向选择的假说.侯晓明等[85]通过基因芯片分析、比较了奶牛乳腺泌乳旺盛的泌乳期与不泌乳的青春期及干乳期的基因表达谱,展示了奶牛乳腺泌乳期发生的分子变化.苗永旺等[86]研究了黑色素皮质素受体1(MC1R)对水牛毛色遗传的影响,对216头遗传背景清楚的水牛进行了MC1R编码区DNA序列测定,发现EBR等位基因[c.310A (p.104S) 与c.384T (p.128I)]或携带p.104S的等位基因与水牛黑色性状相关.
      在医学领域,刘大顺等[87]以人胎盘来源的干细胞(human placenta-derived stem cells,hPDSCs),作为种子细胞构建组织工程软骨,为软骨缺损的临床修复治疗提供了新的治疗策略.何红秋等[88]表达纯化了HIV-1病毒整合酶(IN)和IN-CCD蛋白,建立了一种微孔板式高通量ELISA方法,能应用于以IN为靶点,特别是以IN-CCD为靶点的HIV抑制剂的筛选.
      2011年度仍不乏精彩综述和优秀文章.代新宪等[89]综述了流感病毒感染导致宿主细胞信号通路改变研究领域的进展,有利于病毒与宿主相互作用的深入解析和寻找新的抗病毒靶点及策略.人类基因组计划的完成以及目前测序技术的革新和飞速发展,是生物学领域的重要革命.余佳等[90]洞察分析了大规模测序、二代测序与人类基因组计划对生命科学的深远影响及提出的全新挑战.
      近年来,关于细胞内的重要第二信使——钙离子的研究进展颇丰.2011年SCLS第8期围绕钙信号组织了多篇国内、外前沿研究者的述评,分别聚焦于钙泵、钙通道、钙离子信号通路以及钙结合蛋白质等的结构、功能及其在疾病或生理中的作用,值得关注[91].这些综述分别涉及了质膜钙泵家族(PMCA)中,PMCA2亚型在毛细胞听觉病生理中的作用[92]、PMCA4亚型在心血管疾病中的作用[93];cADPR/NAADP/CD38钙离子信号通路中的双胞胎信使,环腺苷二磷酸核糖(cADPR)与烟酸腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NAADP)[94];cADPR与NAADP二者的受体门控钙通道,cADPR在内质网和肌浆网上的钙离子释放受体,阿诺碱受体[95],NAADP在内体、溶酶体膜上的双孔通道受体(TPC)[96];肌动蛋白与钙离子信号“正反馈环路”在受精中的作 用[97];阿尔茨海默病中,早老蛋白在内质网形成 钙离子泄露通道的作用[98]及疾病早期的钙紊乱现 象[99];多条线粒体钙内流的通路机制[100];重要的5-EF-手接头蛋白——ALG-2的结构和功能[101];SOCE和钙离子释放激活的钙离子流(ICRAC)通路中的重要家族成员,STIM1与Orai1在血管疾病中的作用[102];神经元钙离子感受器超家族,钙离子结合蛋白质DREAM的功能[103].这些优秀的前沿述评,为我们展现了整个钙信号研究领域最新进展的全景式概貌.在2011年度SCLS还发表了3篇精彩的封面文章,分别刊登于第5、9和11期.其中,李树龙等[104]用非创伤性检测手段筛选到72个与肝纤维化分级相关的蛋白质候选标志物,对促 进肝纤维化临床诊断和治疗具有重要意义.谷婧丽等[105]发现超顺磁性铁纳米粒子(SPION)在进入巨噬细胞的过程中,几乎启用所有的内吞信号通路.任振华等[106]利用了新型SPION试剂标记食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞(cMSCs),可应用多模式成像体内追踪移植细胞.
      《中国科学》走过了60载风风雨雨,经历了高潮低谷,见证着人民共和国的科学史.新世纪的来临,伴随着中国的和平崛起,国家大力度地资助科学技术的研究,科学中国必将取得更多原创性的研究成果,更大的科学成就.

    • >Research Papers
    • dCAF-1-p55 is Essential for Drosophila Development and Involved in The Maintenance of Chromosomal Stability

      2012, 39(11):1073-1081.

      Abstract (3479) HTML (26) PDF 550.83 K (4747) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:The chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) is a three-subunit protein complex that functions in chaperoning histone deposition. The smallest subunit of Drosophila CAF-1, dCAF-1-p55, together with the other two subunits dCAF-1-p180 and dCAF-1-p105, participates in the deposition of histone H3 and H4 onto the newly synthesized DNA. In addition to the CAF-1 complex, dCAF-1-p55 is also found in several other complexes such as NURF, PRC2 and Sin3-HDAC1 complex, suggesting that it plays multiple roles other than a histone chaperone. Here we report a new allele of dCAF-1-p55 generated by gene targeting. We show that dCAF-1-p55 loss-of-function led to developmental delay and lethality. Further investigations demonstrated that dCAF-1-p55 deficient cells exhibited defects in metaphase chromosome condensation, sister chromatids association and anaphase chromosomes segregation, which are premonitory signs of chromosome instability (CIN). Taken together, these results indicate that dCAF-1-p55 plays a role in the maintenance of chromosomal stability, likely to protect the cells from CIN and the proneness to cancer.

    • The Effect of Weak Background Noise on The Frequency Tuning of Neurons in The Rat Auditory Cortex

      2012, 39(11):1082-1088.

      Abstract (3548) HTML (37) PDF 764.56 K (5428) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:In natural environment, human and animals often percept signal sound stimuli in background noise conditions. However, it is not clear how the low-level weak background noise affect the coding of frequency tuning of auditory cortical neurons. In the present study, we determined how weak background noise affected the frequency response area of 79 neurons in the rat primary auditory cortex. The results demonstrated that weak background noise either suppressed or facilitated the responses of some cortical neurons to sound stimuli. Generally, the suppression of responses by weak background noise reduced the extent of frequency tuning and the extent of best frequency response area of auditory cortical neurons, and the facilitation of responses by weak background noise enlarged the extent of frequency tuning and the best response areas of the affected neurons. For a minority of neurons, weak background noise did not significantly change their extent of frequency tuning, but changed their extent of best frequency response area. Weak background noise did not change the characteristic frequency of 63.64% of the sample neurons and the minimum threshold of 55.84% of the sampled neurons. The tip of the frequency tuning curves of auditory cortical neurons was more susceptible to be affected by the background noise than the middle part of the frequency tuning curves of these neurons.

    • Stability and Glucose Regulation of FGF21 After Modified With Arginines

      2012, 39(11):1089-1098.

      Abstract (3532) HTML (31) PDF 1.18 M (7374) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Fibroblast growth factor-21(FGF21), which was discovered in 2000 as a non-insulin-dependent cytokine to regulate blood sugar, is expected to become a candidate for anti-diabetes drugs. However, the biological activity of FGF21 was influenced by its weak instability and short half-life in vivo. In this study, to improve the stability of FGF21 in vivo, we added two arginines to the C-terminus of FGF21, and named as FGF21-2A. After being calculated by the software pI/Mw, the pI of FGF21-2A reached to 5.84 from 5.43. Then we expressed and purified the mutant protein for the examination of stability and bioactivity. When we used Bandscan5.0 to analyze the supernatant of Rosetta(DE3) lysates after induction, the protein expression levels of FGF21-2A increased by 10.6%. The in vivo half-life time of FGF21-2A was significantly prolonged in pharmacokinetics experiment. And, compared to the wild-type FGF21, FGF21-2A not only had a better capacity of stimulating glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells in vitro and stimulating glycogen synthesis of the model mice in vivo, but also provided a significantly long lasting effect on reducing blood glucose in the type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ diabetic animals. Moreover,the results of the real-time PCR showed that, after long term treatment, FGF21-2A could increase the mRNA expression of GLUT1 and GK and reduce the mRNA expression of G6P, which suggests FGF21-2A has the same mechanism of glucose regulation with the wild-type FGF21. In conclusion, modifying FGF21 with arginines increases the protein stability, and enhances the protein bioactivity, which lays the foundation for development of drugs targeting diabetes mellitus.

    • miR-30a Enriched Colostrum-Fraction Can Inhibit The DDP-induced Autophagy of HeLa Cells and Promote The Tumor Shrink

      2012, 39(11):1099-1108.

      Abstract (4540) HTML (47) PDF 2.17 M (6759) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Here we firstly report that colostrum contains a high level of miR-30a. Using the miR-30a rich fraction extracted from colostrum, we successfully restrained the autophagy activity of HeLa cells induced by DDP, and promoted their apoptosis from 12.5% to 56.5% in 8 h post-treatment of DDP. By feeding the tumor-bearing mice undergoing DDP-chemotherapy with miR-30a- rich fraction from colostrum for 10 days, we reduced tumors size more effective than treating mice with DDP alone. In particular, the diameter of tumors was diminished to 4.5 mm after miR-30a-rich colostrum fraction administration during DDP chemotherapy, while the tumors treated with DDP only grown to 9.0 mm in diameter. In conclusion, the miR-30a-rich fraction of colostrum can sensitize the cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs, thus enhance the effect of chemotherapy drug on tumor treatment.

    • Identification of Human Methyl-CpG Binding Domain Protein (MBD) 4 as a Substrate of Protein Kinase X

      2012, 39(11):1109-1117.

      Abstract (3402) HTML (0) PDF 779.20 K (4442) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Human protein kinase X (PrKX) is a cAMP-dependent protein kinase encoded by X chromosome. However, few substrates have been identified so far. To identify the substrates of PrKX, we employed a yeast two-hybrid screen using PrKX as the bait. The human protein MBD4 was isolated as a strong interaction partner. The stability and specificity of interaction were confirmed by in vitro pull-down experiments and immunoprecipitation of complexes assembled in vivo. Subsequently, we showed that the hMBD4 protein expressed in E. coli could be phosphorylated by PrKX. Phosphorylation of hMBD4 by PrKX modulated the binding activity of hMBD4 to fully methylated DNA. These results indicate that MBD4 is a substrate for PrKX.

    • >New Techniques
    • Methods and Progress of Mass Spectrometry-based Selected Reaction Monitoring

      2012, 39(11):1118-1127.

      Abstract (4196) HTML (34) PDF 520.51 K (11391) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Selected reaction monitoring(SRM) is one of the major approaches in targeted proteomics researches which mainly focus on the discovery of biomarkers. According to the research purpose, the specific proteins and peptides are selected before an SRM experiment. SRM increases the sensitivity, the accuracy and the dynamic range during the analysis especially in the detection capabilities of low abundance proteins and peptides. A typical SRM experiment includes three steps: experiment design; MS data acquisition; data validation and quantification. Among the three steps, it is vital to predict the special peptides and fragment ions using bioinformatics methods. The validation and quantification of the SRM data are also important to SRM data analysis. Meanwhile, the corresponding softwares, tools and databases are summarized. New experiments strategies and new bioinformatics tools are generated along with the developments of SRM instruments. Using improved experiment strategies, parameters and better quantitative algorithms as well as more sophisticated bioinformatics tools, SRM will play a more important role in the future of proteomics research.

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