Abstract:Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids containing one or more sialic acids in the glycan chains, which are components of the cell surface of all mammalian cells and involved in various important biological processes in cell plasma membranes. Such it plays an important role in the transmission of nerve signals and keeps morphological stability of nerve cells in normal physiological conditions. Gangliosides are particularly abundant and typically more structurally complex in the mammalian brain, which are considered closely related to brain growth and cognitive development. Significant changes of ganglioside content and types in some brain regions may herald different brain diseases occurrence and development. For example, some demyelinating diseases are associated with a significant decrease of gangliosides in brain. On the other hand, gangliosides located on the cell membrane can greatly affect the development of neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors, such as Alzheimer"s disease and glioma. The brain diseases seem to have different pathogenesis, however, these brain diseases have certain relevance in their pathogenesis due to the existing gangliosides, such Zika fever is similar to Guillain-Barré syndrome (a common neurodemyelination disease). This paper summarizes possible common patterns of the pathogenesis of several encephalopathies associated with gangliosides, which could provide a new idea for the diagnosis and treatment of the encephalopathies.

Abstract:Phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is an important phosphatidylinositol on the cell membrane. By acting as a second messenger precursor and self-signaling molecule, it controls the targeted localization and activity of its effectors to regulate cells migration, vesicle transport, cell morphogenesis, signal transduction and other processes. Abnormal cell migration leads to a variety of human diseases in humans, including neurodevelopmental abnormalities, Alzheimer"s disease, cancer and cilia disease. As the regulator of cytoskeleton, the pivotal role of PIP2 in cell migration has been widely confirmed. This review will discuss the specific mechanism of the role of PIP2 in cell migration from the point of PIP2 mediated by PIP5KIs associated with talin, Rho family small GTPases and other effectors to regulate adhesion and actin polymerization.

Abstract:Selenium-binding protein 1 (SELENBP1) is a selenium-containing protein localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus discovered in 1989. Previous studies have shown that SELENBP1 plays an important role in protein transport in Golgi, ubiquitination/deubiquitination-mediated protein degradation, sulfur metabolism, and regulation the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). It is also closely related to the development of diseases such as halitosis, cancer, schizophrenia and kidney damage. In this paper, the recent research progress on the biological function of SELENBP1 and its relationship with disease is reviewed and prospected.

Abstract:Platelet circular RNA (platelet circRNA) is a kind of circular RNA molecules formed by RNA “back-splicing” and closing, which has stable structure, high abundance, and cellular and tissue specificity. Platelet circRNA can regulate intracellular network, and is closely related to the occurrence or progression of various diseases. Its difference in expression may make it to be ideal biomarker and therapeutic target. In recent years, research achievements on its production, regulation, biological characteristics, functions as well as its relationship with diseases have been made. Here we present a review of progress in platelet circRNA research.

Abstract:lncRNA alternative splicing refers to the process of cleavage of introns in immature lncRNA and ligation of exons to generate mature lncRNA. Abnormal alternative splicing plays an important role in the development and progression of various diseases. lncRNA alternative splicing is directly involved in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, neuroblastoma, and other tumors, as well as embryonic development, cartilage hair development, and multiple system atrophy. Here, we reviewed the causes, regulatory mechanisms, and research advances in the effects of lncRNA alternative splicing. In addition, two databases related to lncRNA alternative splicing (SpliceMap and LNCediting) are described.

Abstract:Despite brain functions decline with age in the elderly, the brain maintains a certain degree of plasticity which can delay this process through cognitive training. Various cognitive trainings were tested in studies, including strategy training, cognitive processes based training, and multidimensional cognitive training. Recently, computerized cognitive training is becoming the focus of this area because of its universal potential of application. Previous studies have identified the effectiveness of cognitive trainings, but some vital issues remain unclear. For example, to what extent cognitive trainings can help benefit cognition of the elderly and which kind of training is the most beneficial to the specific cognitive ability. To better understand the effectiveness of cognitive trainings and the way they work, this paper reviewed the studies of neural mechanisms of cognitive trainings and the related theoretical models. SMRI studies find that cognitive trainings can alter the structure of the brain, thus delaying or resisting the cognitive decline with age. Functional MRI studies also find that cognitive trainings help improve cognition functionally in both rest state and task-related state. Based on the perspective of compensatory and magnification, several theory models were established to interpret these findings, including HAROLD model, CRUNCH model, Lovden’s model, STAC model and Belleville’s Interactive model. Compensatory perspective focuses the individual differences within the same age range and proposes that cognitive trainings benefit the elderly with lower cognitive ability better, while magnification perspective emphasizes the differences between the youth and the elderly and puts forward that cognitive trainings magnify these differences (cognitive trainings benefit individuals with higher cognitive ability better). At present, there is no consistent conclusion about the two perspectives, and more studies are needed to reconcile the contradiction. In addition, it is beneficial for the application of cognitive trainings in the future to use brain image techniques to examine the effectiveness of cognitive trainings, to carry more studies on computerized cognitive trainings and to adopt more rigorous experimental design is beneficial to the application of cognitive trainings in the future.

Abstract:Bacterial surface display is a kind of technology to express target protein on the surface of bacteria, so as to exert its function preferably. It has been widely applied in many fields such as recombinant bacteria vaccine, biofuel cell, whole cell catalyst and bioremediation. With the development of numerous related technologies, the performance of surface display system has been continuously improving. At the same time, several new surface display systems have also been developed and applied, all of which accelerate the multiformity and perfection of this technology continuously. This paper focus on the progress of bacterial surface display systems, mainly on their development, modification and improvement, as well as their application on bioremediation and biosensor.

Abstract:Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based proteomics has become one of the most important tools in bioscience, and researchers now pay much attention to the prediction of MS/MS spectra for protein identification and quantification. With the accumulation of massive high-quality spectrum data and the development of computing technology, quite a few new methods were emerged to solve this problem. These methods can be divided into two catagories：mobile proton model-based methods, such as MassAnalyzer and MS-Simulator; and machine learning-based methods, including traditional machine learning and deep learning, such as PeptideART, MS2PIP, MS2PBPI and pDeep. In this paper, we investigated a wide variety of corresponding methods, and briefly pointed out the deficiencies of existing software tools, and suggested the future work.

Abstract:Sialidases (EC.3.2.1.18) are an important class of glycosidases that are widely found in animals and microorganisms. These enzymes catalyze the cleavage of the terminal sialic acid from various oligosaccharides and sialoglycoconjugates, and play important roles in diverse biological processes such as lysosomal catabolism, tumorigenesis and microbial pathogenesis. Generally, sialidases cleave glycosidic linkages. Under appropriate reaction conditions in vitro, however, the enzymes can catalyze the formation of the glycosidic linkages by transglycosylation reaction. This synthesis activity is important for the large acquisition of sialosides, which would be helpful to promote the basic research on their functions as well as their applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. This paper reviews the structure and catalytic mechanism of sialidases, physiological function, transglycosylation and their application in oligosaccharide synthesis.

Abstract:Hepatitis B X-interacting protein (HBXIP) is able to mediate glucose metabolism reprogramming in breast cancer. To investigate the physiological functions of HBXIP in regulation of glucose metabolism, we generated liver-specific HBXIP conditional knockout C57BL/6 mice using Cre/loxP approach. Liver HBXIP^-/- mice exhibited a phenotype of glycometabolic dysregulation, such as higher fasting blood glucose level, accumulation of hepatic glycogen, recession of blood glucose profiles, and elevation of gluconeogenesis. The expression levels of PEPCK were remarkably up-regulated in the liver tissues of HBXIP^-/- mice. Then, we validated that HBXIP expressions were negatively correlated with those of PEPCK in 30 clinical liver tissues. Mechanistically, luciferase reporter gene assays and ChIP assays showed that HBXIP could inhibit the expression PEPCK at transcription level. Taken together, our findings indicate that HBXIP restrains hepatic gluconeogenesis through suppressing the expression of PEPCK.

Abstract:Recent studies have revealed that DJ-1 is overexpressed in multiple forms of human tumors, and nuclear overexpression of DJ-1 is correlated with the biological behavior of tumor. The purpose of the present study was to test for possible DADS effects on Human Leukemia HL-60 cells which DJ-1 is overexpressed, and to clarify the function of DJ-1 in the nucleus. Gene transfection technology was used to establish stable HL-60 cell lines with nuclear overexpression of DJ-1 (DJ-1/HL-60). Soft agar colony formation, MTT, NBT and indirect immunofluorescence were used to evaluate the proliferation, differentiation, migration and invasion of HL-60 cells. The nuclear overexpression of DJ-1 protein may promote the proliferation and weaken the differentiation of HL-60 cells. Transwell migration and invasion assays showed that the nuclear localization and overexpression of DJ-1 can promote the migration and invasion capability of HL-60. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of DJ-1 was inhibited in HL-60 cells with nuclear overexpression of DJ-1 after treatment with DADS. These results defined the impacts of DJ-1 on biological behavior of the Human Leukemia HL-60 cells by DADS, the proliferation, migration and invasion were inhibited and the differentiation was induced in HL-60 cells with nuclear overexpression of DJ-1, after treatment with DADS.