Abstract:The Sporosarcina pasteurii which has the function of inducing calcium carbonate mineralization is discussed, together with the structure and function of its mineralizingcore enzyme urease.The microbial mineralization mechanism of Sporosarcina pasteurii and its related molecular mechanismsis summarized systematically. The current research status and typical application cases of mineralization applications of Sporosarcina pasteurii are introduced briefly in many fields around the world. The application prospects of corresponding microbial mineralization technology in specific environments and their deficiencies in future applications are discussed.The related analyses and discussions are of great significance for further facilitating the application of microbial mineralization technology.

Abstract:With the rapid development of digital image processing technology and microelectronic integrated circuits, real-time dynamic biomedical imaging becomes possible. The key to biomedical dynamic imaging is high communication bandwidth and fast data processing capabilities. FPGA(field-programmable gate array) brings new methods and ideas for real-time digital image processing system in algorithm and system structure. This paper first briefly introduces the concept, characteristics and development process of FPGA, and compares FPGA and general-purpose processor in performance indicators, then focuses on the principles of conventional biomedical imaging technology and FPGA research and application of high-speed imaging technology in the biomedical imaging field, and finally summarized and prospected FPGA in real-time imaging.

Abstract:Both active exercise and passive exercise are effective in reliving various acute and chronic pain. The analgesic effect induced by active exercise is more effective than that induced by passive exercise. Based on the discussion of the underlying mechanisms of exercise-induced analgesia, this review highlights the possible reasons that explain the differences between the two types of exercises in terms of their effectiveness. Specifically, by comparing the motor descending pathway and the somatosensory/proprioception ascending pathway between active exercise and passive exercise, the possible physiological (i.e., the peripheral nerve system and the central nerve system) and psychological (i.e., cognition and emotion) mechanisms involved in pain modulation between the two are fully discussed. Owing to a lack of the motor descending pathway and the limited muscle activation during the movement execution, passive exercise triggers less release of analgesic substances and a weaker pain modulation at cortical level, when compared with active exercise. In addition, passive exercise can barely evoke positive emotion or distract the attention away from pain. The lack of sense of agency and having less sense of ownership along with passive exercise further negatively affect the analgesic effect. Drawing upon the evidence, we point out the limitations of current studies in this field and suggest future research directions for a better understanding of exercise-induced analgesia.

Abstract:The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is composed of lipopolysaccharide, phospholipid, β-barrel protein and lipoprotein, which is the primary physical barrier protecting bacterial cell from harmful substances, and associated with bacterial pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance. The components of the outer membrane depend on specific systems for transmembrane transport, including the lipopolysaccharide transport system (Lpt), maintenance of lipid asymmetry (Mla), β-barrel assembly machinery (Bam) and localization of lipoprotein (Lol). These systems can ensure the integrity and stability of the bacterial outer membrane, which play important roles in bacterial growth and survival. Therefore, this review summarized the research progress on structure and function of these transmembrane transport systems in Gram-negative bacteria, and prospected the future research direction, which provided new insights for developing the novel antibiotics.

Abstract:Neuropsychiatric diseases are major diseases with high prevalence in recent years. These diseases usually cause cognitive impairments of neuropsychiatric patients and threat to their health and life. However, we still lack of objective standard for clinically diagnosis so far, and cannot fully rely on traditional treatments of medicine because of their side effects. Thus, it becomes essential to develop effective and objective methods for diagnosis and treatment. EEG can reflect our brain’s real-time state, that could be used as an indicator of brain impairment by detecting the characteristic rhythms. Gamma rhythms (~25-100 Hz) play an important role in the higher-level functions of brain, especially associated with cognition and memory. Importantly, disrupted gamma rhythms have been found in neuropsychiatric diseases of both clinical patients and animal models, which suggests novel diagnostics based on gamma rhythms measurements in core brain regions of cognition. In this paper, we reviewed the recent studies on impaired gamma rhythms in neuropsychiatric diseases, including some major neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. We focused on the characteristics of gamma rhythms in regulating cognition, learning and memory in human and rodents, and analyzed the underlying neural mechanisms in cellular and molecular levels. Therefore, these findings may shed light to highly effective diagnosis of neuropsychiatric diseases in future by targeting gamma rhythms detection in EEG signals.

Abstract:This study focuses on investigating the transcriptome differences of testicular tissues in varying degrees of azoospermia patients through analyzing the differences of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on levels of function, classification and metabolic pathways. One testicular tissue of non-obstructive azoospermia(NOA) and four testicular tissues of obstructive azoospermia(OA) (without sperm to having sperms by biopsies) were selected for RNA extractions, library constructions and sequencings by Illumina HiSeq^TM 2500, following with analyses including differential expression gene GO annotation and KEGG analysis. As a result, about 94.38% genome database were covered in the human reference genome and 2 242 transcripts were detected as predicted new protein-coding genes. Compared with NOA, 8 045 DEGs were up-regulated and 1 150 were down-regulated in OA1. For OA1 and OA2, there were 1 538 and 420 DEGs for down-regulation and up-regulation. For OA2 and OA3, there were 1 275 for up-regulation and 1 690 for down-regulation. The numbers of up-regulated (1 834) and down-regulated (1 853) DEGs between OA3 and OA4 were similar. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs were mainly enriched in RNA degradation pathway, basal cell carcinoma pathway, cancer pathway, melanogenesis pathway and signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells. The expressions of PRM1, PRM2, TNP1, UBXN6, CXCL16, NUPR2, CCDC136 and CRISP2 genes showed an increasing trend with time-sequence specificity. In addition, different extents of gene fusions were found in 5 cases of azoospermia testicular tissue expressed genes. In summary, the number of DEGs and their function, classification and metabolic pathways were obtained with different degrees of azoospermia. The DEGs such as spermatogenesis and sperm motility were screened out, which enriched transcriptome information for azoospermia and laid a foundation for the research of testicular tissue related genes. It may provide theoretical basis for revealing the molecular mechanisms of spermatogenesis in azoospermia patients and promoting the development of male infertility research. Notably, gene fusion may be associated with azoospermia.