Cover Story：Neural oscillation is a rhythmic pattern of neural activity in the central nervous system, which has been found to be closely related to abnormal neural oscillations in psychoneurological disorders. Exogenous rhythmic stimulation can effectively modulate abnormal neural oscillations through entrainment and neuroplasticity, which has the potential to treat psychoneurological disorders. Currently, the main exogenous rhythmic brain stimulation techniques include transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), temporal interference (TI) stimulation and rhythmic sensory stimulation. We describe the effects of tACS and TI from the perspective of different frequency bands, and rhythmic sensory stimulation from the perspective of visual, acoustic, and synergistic stimulation patterns. This paper reviews the principles of exogenous rhythmic brain stimulation techniques, as well as the current intervention strategies and the progress of treatment effects of different techniques in the clinical treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The use of rhythmic stimulation for the treatment of clinical symptoms in patients with psychoneurological disorders is still in the exploratory stage and needs to be validated in larger samples for safety and long-term efficacy. Simultaneously, further studies that explore the exact mechanisms of such techniques are essential to optimize the design of the rhythmic modulation strategies so as to gain stronger positive effects. Additionally, clinical trials that analyze the effects of synergistic treatment with drugs and the design of portable home devices will be beneficial for patients.
